5,208 research outputs found
Carbon catalysed hydrogen exchange in petroleum source rocks
Exchange of carbon bound hydrogen has been observed when alkenes, saturated and aromatic hydrocarbons are heated at moderate temperatures on carbonaceous surfaces (activated carbon and coal). Isomerisation of alkenes and the formation of hydrogenated/dehydrogenated products from the saturated and aromatic reactants resulted. A suite of crude oils from the Carnarvon Basin (Western Australia) have been analysed with a view to comparing their relative abundances of structurally similar hydrocarbons. The consistent relationships between hydrocarbons in crude oils that are chemically related via hydrogenation/dehydrogenation reactions suggest that a hydrogen exchange process similar to that demonstrated in laboratory experiments occurs during crude oil formation in sedimentary rocks
The Photoeccentric Effect and Proto-hot Jupiters. III. A Paucity of Proto-hot Jupiters on Super-eccentric Orbits
Gas giant planets orbiting within 0.1 AU of their host stars are unlikely to have formed in situ and are evidence for planetary migration. It is debated whether the typical hot Jupiter smoothly migrated inward from its formation location through the proto-planetary disk, or was perturbed by another body onto a highly eccentric orbit, which tidal dissipation subsequently shrank and circularized during close stellar passages. Socrates and collaborators predicted that the latter model should produce a population of super-eccentric proto-hot Jupiters readily observable by Kepler. We find a paucity of such planets in the Kepler sample, which is inconsistent with the theoretical prediction with 96.9% confidence. Observational effects are unlikely to explain this discrepancy. We find that the fraction of hot Jupiters with an orbital period P > 3 days produced by the star-planet Kozai mechanism does not exceed (at two-sigma) 44%. Our results may indicate that disk migration is the dominant channel for producing hot Jupiters with P > 3 days. Alternatively, the typical hot Jupiter may have been perturbed to a high eccentricity by interactions with a planetary rather than stellar companion, and began tidal circularization much interior to 1 AU after multiple scatterings. A final alternative is that early in the tidal circularization process at high eccentricities tidal circularization occurs much more rapidly than later in the process at low eccentricities, although this is contrary to current tidal theories
Neptune on tiptoes: dynamical histories that preserve the cold classical Kuiper belt
The current dynamical structure of the Kuiper belt was shaped by the orbital
evolution of the giant planets, especially Neptune, during the era following
planet formation, when the giant planets may have undergone planet-planet
scattering and/or planetesimal-driven migration. Numerical simulations of this
process, while reproducing many properties of the belt, fail to generate the
high inclinations and eccentricities observed for some objects while
maintaining the observed dynamically "cold" population. We present the first of
a three-part parameter study of how different dynamical histories of Neptune
sculpt the planetesimal disk. Here we identify which dynamical histories allow
an in situ planetesimal disk to remain dynamically cold, becoming today's cold
Kuiper belt population. We find that if Neptune undergoes a period of elevated
eccentricity and/or inclination, it secularly excites the eccentricities and
inclinations of the planetesimal disk. We demonstrate that there are several
well-defined regimes for this secular excitation, depending on the relative
timescales of Neptune's migration, the damping of Neptune's orbital inclination
and/or eccentricity, and the secular evolution of the planetesimals. We model
this secular excitation analytically in each regime, allowing for a thorough
exploration of parameter space. Neptune's eccentricity and inclination can
remain high for a limited amount of time without disrupting the cold classical
belt. In the regime of slow damping and slow migration, if Neptune is located
(for example) at 20 AU, then its eccentricity must stay below 0.18 and its
inclination below 6{\deg}.Comment: Accepted to ApJ. Update: Fixed typos in text and Appendix equations.
Published as ApJ, 746, 17
Chromosome number variation in two antipodean floras
Italy and New Zealand are very similar in shape, extension, altitudinal and latitudinal range but located in opposite hemispheres. This paper compares variation in chromosome number in these two hotspot regions. The results challenge previous ideas concerning links between geography and patterns of chromosome number variation
Learners not lurkers : connecting conceptual and social networks in science education /
La présente recherche a été subventionnée par le ministère de lEnseignement supérieur, de la Recherche et de la Science dans le cadre du Programme daide à la recherche sur lenseignement et lapprentissage (PAREA).Comprend des références bibliographique
Three Body Resonance Overlap in Closely Spaced Multiple Planet Systems
We compute the strengths of zero-th order (in eccentricity) three-body
resonances for a co-planar and low eccentricity multiple planet system. In a
numerical integration we illustrate that slowly moving Laplace angles are
matched by variations in semi-major axes among three bodies with the outer two
bodies moving in the same direction and the inner one moving in the opposite
direction, as would be expected from the two quantities that are conserved in
the three-body resonance. A resonance overlap criterion is derived for the
closely and equally spaced, equal mass system with three-body resonances
overlapping when interplanetary separation is less than an order unity factor
times the planet mass to the one quarter power. We find that three-body
resonances are sufficiently dense to account for wander in semi-major axis seen
in numerical integrations of closely spaced systems and they are likely the
cause of instability of these systems. For interplanetary separations outside
the overlap region, stability timescales significantly increase. Crudely
estimated diffusion coefficients in eccentricity and semi-major axis depend on
a high power of planet mass and interplanetary spacing. An exponential
dependence previously fit to stability or crossing timescales is likely due to
the limited range of parameters and times possible in integration and the
strong power law dependence of the diffusion rates on these quantities.Comment: submitted to MNRA
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Buried shallow fault slip from the South Napa earthquake revealed by near-field geodesy.
Earthquake-related fault slip in the upper hundreds of meters of Earths surface has remained largely unstudied because of challenges measuring deformation in the near field of a fault rupture. We analyze centimeter-scale accuracy mobile laser scanning (MLS) data of deformed vine rows within ±300 m of the principal surface expression of the M (magnitude) 6.0 2014 South Napa earthquake. Rather than assuming surface displacement equivalence to fault slip, we invert the near-field data with a model that allows for, but does not require, the fault to be buried below the surface. The inversion maps the position on a preexisting fault plane of a slip front that terminates ~3 to 25 m below the surface coseismically and within a few hours postseismically. The lack of surface-breaching fault slip is verified by two trenches. We estimate near-surface slip ranging from ~0.5 to 1.25 m. Surface displacement can underestimate fault slip by as much as 30%. This implies that similar biases could be present in short-term geologic slip rates used in seismic hazard analyses. Along strike and downdip, we find deficits in slip: The along-strike deficit is erased after ~1 month by afterslip. We find no evidence of off-fault deformation and conclude that the downdip shallow slip deficit for this event is likely an artifact. As near-field geodetic data rapidly proliferate and will become commonplace, we suggest that analyses of near-surface fault rupture should also use more sophisticated mechanical models and subsurface geomechanical tests
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